语法
简单句
1. what is 简单句？
试译：我的英语说得很好
I speak English well.
试译：沙坪坝到了
We are arriving at spb station.
2. 简单句得分类
主谓
he died; we laugh(ed);
主谓宾
谓语：实意动词
主谓表
谓语：系动词
系动词：
- be
- 感官动词：look smell
taste sound feel
- 变化：become get；
- 保持：keep stay remain；
主谓双宾
I bought him a dog.
主谓宾宾补
It makes him happy.
如何判断主谓双宾和主谓宾宾补？
只需要在最后两个宾语之间加个be动词，如果读起来意思是对的就是主谓宾宾补，如果读起来意思是不对的就是主谓双宾
3. 句子的成分（词性的问题）
谓语：
- 谓语的成分：
有时态的实义动词 或 有时态的系动词
- 一句话中动词能不能多？
绝对不能，一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在，多余的动词全部变成非谓语动词
谓语只能是动词
动词只能做谓语
所以我们需要把一句话当中所有不作谓语的动词全部变成非谓语动词(其本质不是动词)(Ving:主动 Ved:被动 To do:目的)
I loving you，you love me.(独立主格)
Winter approaching ,spring will be around the corner.(独立主格)
I being a teacher , I enjoy singing songs.——>
Being a teacher , I enjoy singing songs.(分词做状语)——>
I , being a teacher , enjoy singing songs.（分词做状语的满分句型就是把分词放在句子的主谓之间作为插入语使用）
- 一句话当中动词能不能少？
Your mother must (be) very beautiful.
绝对不能，当一句话需要动词而又没有动词的时候永远都加be动词，并且be动词没有意思
谓语的总结：一句话当中有且只能有一个有时态的实意动词或系动词的存在并且充当谓语
主语：
主语的成分
- 名词
- 代词(you,I,he,…)
- 非谓语动词
being handsome and strong is his nature(非谓语动词做主语，谓语动词为单数)
- 从句(引导词+句子)
主语能不能少？
绝对不能，一句话没有主语的时候怎么办？
用’it’作为主语。(和天气温度有关系)
北京天气很冷。——>
It feels exceedingly cold in Beijing.
用there be/exist/seem/remain
什么时候使用there be句型？
当一句话没有主语并且谓语动词是”有”的时候。
有很多人喜欢我。——>
There exist an ocean of private individuals being fascinated with me.
被动
只要在作文中听到”我们”,”人们”,”大家”，”越来越多的人”，”许多人”等人称代词做主语时都可以使用被动
建议政府采取措施。——> 政府应该被建议采取措施。——>
Authorities should be proposed to adopt action.
以下三种情况没有被动
当动词后有介词的话，这个动词就没有被动。
所有的系动词没有被动。
“have”翻译成”有”的意思讲没有被动。
如果有梦想就一定会成功。——> 如果有梦想，成功就一定会被得到。——>
If there exists a dream , glories cannot fail to be achieved sooner or later.
全球在变暖。——>
It is becoming warm throughout the world.
人称代词
宾语:
宾语的成分
- 名词
- 代词
- 非谓语动词
- 从句
表语：
表语的成分
- 名词
- 代词
- 非谓语动词
- 表语从句
- 形容词🔺
- 介词短语🔺
I sit in the room .(主谓结构)
有意义就是好好活。——>
Being meaningful is living well.
好好活就是做有意义的事情。
Living well is to do meaningful matters.
4.简单句在写作中的使用
1. 写作中所有不会写的单词都写成自己会的词汇
2.所有写不来的长难句，暂时先写成简单句
并列句
什么是并列句
就是用连词连接两个句子。
常见的连词
- 副词：similarly，equally，likewise
- 介词短语：at the same time，in the meanwhile
- 副词：however，nevertheless，conversely
- 介词短语：unexpectedly，on the contrary，by contrast
- 副词：besides，furthermore，moreover，additionally，subsequently
- 介词短语：in addition
- 副词：thus，therefore，hence，consequently
- 介词短语：as a result
- 副词：alternatively
- 介词短语：
并列句在写作中的使用
只要作文的上下句之间有逻辑关系就一定要用逻辑关系词(连词、副词、介词短语)
有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎——>
There seem a host of companies coming from the distance , and consequently , I feel strikingly delighted.
连词和其他的逻辑关系词的区别在于连词的前面有无逗号均可，其他的逻辑关系词的前面要么是句号要么是连词and
爱情已经不在了，他还在留恋过去。——>
Romance has evaporated.On the contrary,she still keeps the past in mind.
都说我如水百变，可知我清澈不变。——>
I am claimed changeable like water.On the contrary,my clarity keeps the same.
名词性从句
名词在句中充当的成分
- 主语
- 宾语
- 表语
- 同位语
I enjoy the part,the end.
My boyfriend,a junior,looks handsome.
只要在作文中见到名词，都可以在它的后面再加个名词作为同位语出现。
什么是名词性从句？
名词在句子中能够充当的成分从句都能充当
成分：
- 主语从句
- 宾语从句
- 表语从句
- 同位语从句
I enjoy the part that she knew the truth.
名词性从句的引导词
名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分为3类
that：当从句是陈述句时，并且that在句中不充当成分
whether：当从句是一般疑问句时，whether可以翻译成是否，不充当成分
- 所有的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时，所有特殊疑问词都有他的意思，并且充当成分
英语中所有从句都应该是陈述句，引导词+主语+谓语。
I am wondering whether aliens exist.
why they left the hometown for Tibet keeps a mystery.
The point seems when wealth will become available for you.(关键是你什么时候有钱)
That ladies tend to be right keeps common knowledge. (女人总是对的是一个常识)
My meaning proves that respecting parents keeps a Chinese conventional virtue
名词性从句在写作中的使用
主语从句
It keeps common knowledge that ladies tend to be right. (同位语从句)
It is widely acknowledged that (显而易见)
It has been universally accepted that(显而易见)
It seems my perspective that(我认为)
It looks conspicuous that(显而易见)
同位语从句
The news that her husband died was spread the whole village.——>
The news was spread the whole village that her husband died.(同位语从句既可以放在它所解释的名词后面，也可以放在整个句子的后面)
Nothing can hide the truth that he getting old.
The truth the flower in the greenhouse fails to undergo storms indicates that the kids should never be spoiled by their elderly.(温室里的花朵不能经受暴风这个事实表明人们不应该溺爱孩子)
定语与定语从句
什么是定语？
只要听到…的+名词，”…的”就是修饰这个名词的定语
定语的成分
The innocent nightingale lost his life.
The nightingale brave and innocent lost his life.
The singing(歌声) of the nightingale can make the rose bloom
The nightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.
The singing nightingale died pitifully.(这只唱歌的夜莺很可怜地死了)
The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
- 前小后大：当一个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词前。当两个以上的单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词后。
This proves a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.
The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.
A flower as white as clouds is available for me.
The man discarded looks pitiful.
定语从句
构成：
名词+引导词+句子
引导词按先行词的种类分类：
- 当先行词是人的时候，引导词是who whom whose
- 当先行词是物的时候，引导词是that which whose
- 当先行词是时间的时候，引导词是that which when
- 当先行词是地点的时候，引导词是that which where
- 当先行词是原因的时候，引导词是that which why
that/which 是代词，从句缺成分时使用
I will never forget the day when I met you.
I will never forget the day that/which we spent.
You will have no reason why you are late.
You will have no reason that/which sounds perfect.
什么决定定语从句引导词的用法？
- 先行词
- 引导词在从句中能够充当的成分
定语从句的引导词按引导词本身词性分类：
- 代词(在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语的成分)：who whom(who的宾语) that which
- 副词(在从句不能充当任何主干成分)：when where why
- 形容词(在从句中修饰离他最近的名词)：whose
The senior citizen passed away on the day when his son arrived.(arrive是不及物动词)
It has been validated by numerous facts that Glories belong to those sparing no efforts.(无数事实证明，荣耀属于那些不遗余力的人。)
He whose appearance looks indecent is noble in his mind.(外表看起来邋遢的他内心很高尚)
Football is a teamwork which is used to cultivate their children to cooperate with others.(足球是一项培养孩子与他人合作的团队运动)
定语和定语从句在写作中的使用
只要在作文中见到名词都可以给它加一个定语的成分
Raising pets cute as well as healthy can reduce loneliness of senior citizens without any offspring.(养可爱又健康的宠物可以减少没有子女的老人的孤单)
Reading books such as a nightingale and a rose , little prince , and a brave boy can add interest of all children and adults.
I, going shopping yesterday , came across a girl whose mother looked like liu.
状语和状语从句
状语：
状语就是在一句话当中修饰实义动词、形容词、副词、整个句子的成分。
- She smiles sweetly.
- She looks especially sweet.
- She smiles sweetly like a flower.
- Actually, she smiles.
状语除了名词不能修饰，什么成分都可以修饰。
成分
1.副词
2.介词短语
3.非谓语动词(she runs away,smiling.)
4.从句(she runs away when she smiles.)
状语的位置
随便放
状语从句
状语从句的引导词是按照引导词本身的意思分的类（9类）
时间状语从句
- When
When romance approaches,I will hold his hands.(主将从现)
在所有的状语从句中，如果主句的动作和从句的动作都尚未发生，主句用一般将来时从句用一般现在时表示将来，简称主将从现
as
while(while翻译成”当什么时候”后面只能跟进行时态)
- since(自从)
- before
- after
- Until
- not…until…
如果已经发生过，该什么时态就是什么时态。
Until和not…until的区别
I will wait until she comes.
I will not leave until she comes.
看主句的谓语动词是短暂性动词，还是延续性动词。如果是短暂性动词，就用not…until…。如果是个延续性动词，就用until。
Until I grew up , I did not realize greatness of mothers.
地点状语从句
- where
the kind of trees grows healthily where it is moist. = in moist place
做地点状语的通常都是介词短语不是从句
条件状语从句
- If
- suppose
- that
- unless
If there exists a ghost of hope,I will never give up.
原因状语从句
- 原因状语引导词：Because/ as /since/ in that /Seeing that
- 连词：for
- 介词短语：because of /due to(只能放在句末,不能放在句首) /owing to(只能放在句首,不能放在句末) /thanks to/for the sake of
Because I look beautiful , a sea of private individuals fail to love me.
Because of my beauty,a sea of private indiveduals fail to love me.
A sea of private individuals fail to love me , because I look beautiful.
目的状语从句
- to
- in order to
- so as to
- 目的状语引导词：so that /in order that
We will ascend higher in order to overlook farther.(我们攀登得更高，是为了看得更远。)
We will ascend higher in order that we overlook farther.
让步状语从句(虽然尽管)
- While(翻译成虽然尽管时，只能放在句首，不能放在句末)
- Although
- though
- even though
- even if
- as
I am fascinated with you although you fail to excel in singing.
As I look ugly,I keep tender.(as引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成部分倒装)——>
Ugly as I look,I keep tender.
结果状语从句
- so…that…
- such…that…
so后跟的是形容词或副词，such后跟的是名词
只要作文中出现形容词或副词都可以写成so…that…
My mother keeps so kind that she is respected by all villagers.
Respecting the elderly keeps so indispensable that time should be spared to accompany them.
方式状语从句
- by by means of in…manner/way 后面跟名词
- as as if as though 后面跟句子
She talks with me as if she were my mother.
She looks as if she were made of ice.
比较状语从句
- as…as
- than
My mother looks as beautiful as I (do)..
My mother looks more beautiful than I (do).
写作
I decide to take part in the examination of postgraduates.
作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加状语从句把句子拉长。
One can live as if he were a pig .On contrary,he can be never as delighted as it.
I show sincere appreciation to teachers who have given me first aid by the chance.
Although almost every one ,from their early age,knows that a man of integrity is the one of integrity,there still exist a sea of dishonest human beings in our society.
Those who spare no efforts to realize their dreams never feel pitiful although they fail to succeed.(全力以赴实现梦想的人即使最后没有成功也不会感到遗憾)
Wearing my own shoes is not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be disregard.
| 主语 | 谓语 | 宾语 | 表语 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句 | 实义动词、系动词 | 名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句 | 名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语 |
| 同位语 | 定语 | 状语 | |
| 名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句 | 名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语 | 副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、从句 |
举例
My mother is an elegant lady.
=My mother is a lady of elegance.
=My mother is a lady as elegant as a flower.(介词短语形容名词)
=My mother is a lady looking as elegant as a flower.(非谓语动词形容名词)
=My mother is a lady who looks as elegant as a flower.(从句形容名词)
举例
She killed her husband cruelly.
=With a sharp knife,she killed her husband.(介词短语做状语)
=She，utilizing a sharp knife, killed her husband.(非谓语动词做状语)
=She killed her husband when she utilized a sharp knife.(状语从句)
（壮 ） ，主（定 同 壮） 谓动（时态 语态(被动)）+宾（定 同 壮）
When we ,a multitude of youngsters on campus who will attend the examination of postgraduates which is used to select talents for our nation,are having English class given by liuxiaoyan coming from Henan province with a large population in an afternoon on Sunday,they主语,in front of our classroom of Chongqing university with a long history,a host of lovely kids,young as well as energetic like the sun at 8 or 9 o’clock in the morning ,are singing谓语 songs宾语,two tigers,I love my mother,and little stars,which keep strikingly pervasive with kids in that they will take part in a singing competition.
虚拟语气
定义
表示与事实相反或语气委婉
一般用法
- if
If you are a tear in my eyes,I will never shed it.(条件状语从句)——>
If I was a dog last night,I could sleep in bed with you.(条件状语从句)——>
如何把正常的条件状语从句变成虚拟语气
只需要把已经写好的句子的时态变成它的过去式。
并且在所有的虚拟语气中比动词的过去式只有were没有was
并且would=could=might
could是情态动词后面跟过去完成时
If you were a tear in my eyes,I would never shed it.(虚拟语气)✔
If I had been a dog last night , I could have slept in bed with you.(虚拟语气)🔺
If I remembered you in my next life ,we would definitely stay together.(虚拟语气)✔
If you obeyed my instruction last year,you could have passed the examination smoothly. (虚拟语气)🔺
特殊用法
- 以防 lest,for fear that,in case that
- 命 order ,direct ,command
- 贱 advise,suggest,propose
- 要求 ask,demand,request,require
- 用虚拟
- 是必要的 it is necessary that,it is important/crucial… that
In case that it should rain,you had better take an umbrella.
The teacher requires that we should hand in the research report.
It seems crucial that laws and regulations should be set to punish offspring who fail to support their parents.
- 一般过去式表示虚拟
- Would rather
- It is high time that
I would rather that you were happier than i.
It is high time that we should paid much attention to the issue.
- 以下情况要区别对待，就是把它本来的时态写成过去式
- wish
- if only
- otherwise
- but for
- as
- as if
- as though
She talked with me as if she had been my mother.
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